The Development Of Thoughts And Actions - 1270 Words

The Development of Thoughts and Actions It can be stated without hesitation that one of the most controversial types of government is totalitarianism. Fueled by a single dictator, this form of political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life. This oppressive brand of government subjects an individual to no expression of any cultural, political or religious beliefs. Since the individuality of citizens is seized and all expression is suppressed by the government, a majority of society does not agree with alot of the systems policies. To simplify, the nature of a totalitarian state is complete control and it is heavily disputed by many. In George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury’s†¦show more content†¦Finally, the characters begin to bring their thoughts and ideas to fruition when they decide to act on their own accord, in addition to disregarding any government influence and control. This stage enlightens the characters acts towards rebellion against their manipulative government. Throughout both novels the protagonists experience major character development, and it shows how people s thoughts and actions can change and develop when under a powerful, negative influence. In both novels, Fahrenheit 451 and Nineteen Eighty-Four, Winston Smith and Guy Montag begin the novels under major government influence, which is mostly due to their affiliation with the government. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, Winston Smith works as a records editor for the government, to expand on his line of work, â€Å"Winston Smith is a writer for the ironically named Ministry of Truth, whose chief job is to assist in the constant rewriting of history so that it conforms with the predictions and pronouncements of Big Brother, the possibly mythical ruler of Oceania, whose minions in the Inner Party are nevertheless omnipotent and omniscient† (Laskowski). Winston is constantly under the government spotlight, as he controls the propaganda that is published. In a totalitarian society only certain information is revealed to the public, in turn, Winston’s job is extremely valued by the government. Also, in Fahrenheit 451 Guy Montag works as a fireman. His

The Physics Of Mechanical And Kinetic Energies - 1247 Words

The mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energies (measured and average) showed trends with the masses of the balls. The big ball (larger mass) possessed more mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energy than the small ball (see summary table above) whereas the ball with the smaller mass possessed less energy correspondingly (3.9976 0.4588, 1.2242 0.0428, 6.1853 1.2242). This trend was consistent throughout all of the recorded results. This can be justified by the equations of mechanical, gravitational potential and kinetic energy which all include mass meaning a larger mass constitutes to more energy (see Background Information). The calculated theoretical and measured values showed differences with the†¦show more content†¦This is the mechanical energy. When the balls lose height, it loses potential energy but gains speed (thus gaining kinetic energy). At halfway down (0.5m), half of the potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy but the mechanical energy remains constant (see Equation 3: Mechanical Energy in Background Information and graph above). This is because of the Law of Conservation of Energy; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted and transferred. Eventually, there is a complete depletion of gravitational potential energy and only kinetic energy at 0m as all the gravitational potential energy has been converted during free-fall. Once in contact with the floor, the kinetic energy converted to elastic potential (deformation), sound and heat energy, then back to kinetic energy when bouncing and gaining gravitational potential energy as the height increased. The ball never goes back up to the height it was dropped; it only bounces to a new peak which is lower than the original peak height. This is because the Law of Conservation of Energy does not ‘give’ the ball more kinetic energy to bounce back up after the energy has been converted and lost to sound energy and heat energy whilst hitting the ground (hence the ‘boing’ sound it makes, which proves the Law of Conservation of Energy). This alone proves the Law of Conservation of Energy, as the ball never bounces back to the same peak. The ball should have a higher temperature than it originally

Contemporary Intelligence Monopoly Betting Market

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Intelligencefor Monopoly Betting Market. Answer: Introduction Table tennis is a fun and enjoyable game; now it is not only just a game but has also emerged as one of the leading and recognized sport. It is needless to state here that tennis tournaments are being played almost in every part of the world, and as a recreational activity, the sport has succeeded in achieving an unprecedented growth in popularity among the masses. However, like any other sport, corruption has been rampant in the match. Various forms of corruption that exist in this game, some of the major crime that is most prolific in this game are the issues of match fixing. The issue of gambling problem is not a new thing in the world of sports, and yet in case of tennis, the match-fixing issue has emerged to be a global problem (Rodenberg Feustel, 2014). Discussion: Match fixing is the commonest form of corruption in the table tennis game. This game has been thought to be an attractive target for the match-fixers because there are only two players who are involved and a few vital points often decides the given matches. It is thus much easier to influence the result of the game. First of all, while discussing about the important points about match-fixing in tennis tournaments, the most remarkable point is to note the evidence collected from the sportspersons engaged in the sport itself. The very fact that even the remarkable sportspersons, such as Novak Djokovik has himself affirmed the existence of the match-fixing menace goes to prove that the sport is indeed infested with such crucial problems (Vileneuve, 2015). It is important to know that Djokovik has recently claimed that he himself was being promised a lump sum amount of $2,00,000 for fixing the match, and what is really astounding here is that a Grand Slam winner, and a high profile sport sman like Djokovik was also not spared the trouble (Bag Saha, 2016). Similarly, the tennis player Arvvind Parmar, the former Davis Cup player himself has also affirmed the point made by Novak, claiming that a large number of tennis players in the past, had become vulnerable to the lucrative match-fixing offers, and added that he himself was also offered with a cash-stuffed envelope, by a man with strong connections in the realm of sports. Again, Roger Federar, another eminent name in the world of sports, has also spoken about the potential problem of match fixing in tennis. According to Roger, despite the thorough investigation going on, to prevent the issue, there are influential group of people, who will put in money recklessly to influence the players, and this process is absolutely unstoppable (Ricci et al., 2016). Next, it is needless to state here that a large number of match fixing scandals in the tennis world bear clear testimony to the fact that match fixing is an emergent issue in the tennis world. According to the Buzzfeed and BBC, there are at least 16 players, who have reached the position of top 50, whose names are counted in the suspicion list of match-fixing menace in tennis (Carpenter, 2013). Recently, the two Italian players, Starace and Bracialli have been punished with a lifetime ban after both were being proved to be involved in match-fixing scandal. Further BBC reports although do not announce any name, claim that a few Grand Slam winners have are also suspected to be engaged in match-fixing. Again, the Mexican player, Daniel Garza was also recently in the news, as charges were being brought against him, that he had tried to influence the outcome of ITF Futures. As a result, the player had been banned from tennis for six months, and a fine of $5,000 was imposed on him as well. According to the BuzzFeed reports, the tennis players are being continually targeted in the hotel rooms during the time of the major tennis tournaments, and are being offered an approximate amount of $5,00,00 for fixing purposes. Reports even suggest that during the big sport tournaments, such as the French Open or Wimbledon Open, betting becomes a serious issue, whereby 70 names of the worlds most eminent names in the world of tennis have come on the surface. Though the names have not been leaked yet for concrete, legal reasons, it should be observed that various eminent and powerful tennis players often complain of ankle or knee injury, withdrawing their names from the tournament, leading the opponent to easy victory (Carpenter, 2012). This being a repetitive trend naturally interrogates the integrity of some of the tennis players. These instances may remind one of the Polish Open of 2007, when the Russian tennis player, Davydenko complained of ankle injury, withdrawing himself from the match, leading to the victory of Arguello of Argentina. Later, it was being revealed that a huge sum of money of US $ 3.6 million, had allured the Russian player, World Number 4, who preferred to lose on his own (Anderson, 2014). The fact that match fixing is a serious issue in tennis, is self-evident, as the Tennis authority has also become aware of its ills, as a result of which they have set up investigating bodies such as the Tennis Integrity Unit, responsible for supervising and monitoring transparency in each single tennis match being played. The ATP has also set up an independent review committee meant for ensuring the effectiveness and appropriateness of the tennis Anti-Corruption Progarm. Yet it is surprising how the sports gambling sites have revealed that betting goes on, even during the most insignificant small-scale mixed double matches being played around the world (Lee,2016). Conclusion: To conclude, it must be noted that betting is indeed a serious issue in the world of tennis. Although the supervisory bodies, such as the TIU are trying their best to monitor the transparency of the sport events involved, it is quite doubtful if enough resources are being directed or are getting accessed by the TIU authority. The price of the players involved in major sport events has also been remarkably increased, to ensure that they are not getting tempted by any unfair practice. However, the professional tennis integrity officers working under ATP or WTA must come forward, and implement effective plans to prevent the issue. Reference List: Anderson, J. (2014). Match Fixing and EU Policy in 2014: An Introduction.Available at SSRN 2449305. Bag, P. K., Saha, B. (2016). Match?Fixing in a Monopoly Betting Market.Journal of Economics Management Strategy. Carpenter, K. (2012). Match-FixingThe Biggest Threat to Sport in the 21st Century?.Int Sports Law Rev,2, 13-23. Carpenter, K. (2013). Global Match-Fixing and the United States' Role in Upholding Sporting Integrity.Berkeley J. Ent. Sports L.,2, 214. Lee, P. C. (2016). Understanding the match-fixing scandals of professional baseball in Taiwan: an exploratory study of a Confucianism-oriented society.European Sport Management Quarterly, 1-22. Ricci, F., Scafarto, V., Marsigalia, B. (2016, September). The impact of match-fixing on product quality in the professional football industry: critical reflections from an institutional perspective1. In9th Annual Conference of the EuroMed Academy of Business. Rodenberg, R. M., Feustel, E. D. (2014). Forensic sports analytics: detecting and predicting match-fixing in tennis.Journal of Prediction Markets,8(1). Villeneuve, J. P. (2015). Acknowledging and Addressing the Issue of Match Fixing: The Case of Sport Organisation.Eur. J. Risk Reg.,6, 633.

NATO Enlargement Essays - Enlargement Of NATO, NATO,

NATO Enlargement NATO Enlargement After World War II ended, the threat of communism captured the attention of both North America and Western Europe. A military operations group --called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-- was formed to shield Western Europe from the communistic Eastern Europe. NATO benefited for its members in four ways: it provided the defenses of all members in case an ally was attacked; it kept a spot for the U.S. in Europe; it helped each war-stricken European country recover from W.W.II; and it helped contain the Soviet Union - and communism (Ullman et al. 67). As Western Europe has recovered from a 50-year-old war and as communism is no longer a threat to the world, NATO's role is now changing slightly, bringing a need for new capabilities on the part of NATO together with a need for enlargement. While NATO is changing its role to the world, it should also be flexible enough to change its members. The U.S. should support NATO expansion into Central Europe. By preventing future conflicts in Europe and by increasing the communication lines when addressing security problems, the enlargement of NATO would make America safer . Enlargement would put both democracy and stability in Central Europe in place with burgeoning economics that often follow the establishment of democracies. NATO's military would also be strengthened significantly. Since both world wars took place in Europe and many American soldiers died, the United States must prevent future conflicts in Europe. As both of the Bosnian and Kosovar conflicts have proven, Europe is not completely danger-free ("The Enlargement..."). An enlarged NATO would help bring more countries into security planning. Having more countries knowledgeable about the ideas of terrorism, weapons proliferation, and ethnic cleansing, might lead to stable alliance deals ("Why NATO..."). For instance, ten major agreements among Central European nations during this decade settled border and ethnic disputes. What is more, most of these disputes occurred to get the attention of NATO's board ("The Enlargement..."). Romania began to provided protection for ethnic minorities. Poland deepened the civilian control of the military ("Why NATO..."). NATO addressed each situation. These actions have not gone unnoticed by the U.S. either. By settling disputes now, the United States will avoid future European conflicts while obtaining security and satisfying other economic interests. NATO's proficiency in solving conflicts has something to do with its structuring. To become a member of NATO, nations have to meet certain expectations. Part of NATO's success has to do with its selectivity. Even though many nations applied to NATO and only three were accepted, the nations who applied are trying to meet the expectations in order to be allowed in. An important facet of NATO's success has to do with its expectations. One such expectation is the need for a stable democratic system of government (Ullman et al. 71). All twelve countries wishing to be part of NATO have been striving to gain stable governments and economies. If all the nations can achieve this, and thus are allowed into NATO, the result would be a not only larger and more efficient NATO, but a more stable and democratic Europe. Another facet of NATO that both the U.S. and other NATO nations find appealing is the security provided by a stronger military. Obviously, enlarging NATO would add more troops to the alliance, making NATO a more efficient organization. Fore example, Poland has already been working alongside NATO's troops in Bosnia, giving them the experience needed to work efficiently in the NATO military. Poland also has the largest and most capable military in Eastern Europe ("Secretary Cohen Speech"). Hungary, too, has worked with over 95,000 U.S. military personnel through the Hungarian air bas at Taszar. The Czech Republic sent a 200-man decontamination unit to Desert Storm to help U.S. troops. These three nations alone will add almost 300,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen to the alliance ("Sec. Cohen Speech"). Some people might think of extending the military capability of NATO as an exercise double. The truth is the only recent peace in the contemporary world has been the work of military forces (such as NATO) in the form of peacekeeping. For NATO to choose not to enlarge means a failure to live up to its potential. The alliance has the ability to be a positive superpower to the world. As far back as the 30's, philosophers of the world began to feel the need for such an organization. Pierre Teille du Jardin wrote of one world kept in peace by a strong international force. By 1040 the leaders of the world brought that dream to reality and NATO became real. A strong international agency, such as

Assassination Of JFK essays

Assassination Of JFK essays When I first approached the topic of the death of John F. Kennedy, one of our countrys most famous presidents a lot of questions came to mind, one of them being, was Oswald the only man involved? Or was his death one big conspiracy? That was the question I intended to answer. On our first day of research I went online and simply typed in the assassination of JFK and was amazed on the results I received. Well over twenty sites were related to the assassination and the conspiracy of Kennedys death. As I continued to research, I found a website containing some interesting documents on the detail of events leading up to the assassination. I also found pictures and diagrams showing the area, which is called Dealey Plaza, where the shooting actually took place. These pictures really interested me and helped me get more involved with the research and helped me make my own predictions on the course of events. I must have obtained over twenty pages of information on that one day alone. That night I sat down and read over everything at least twice to get a clear depiction on what happened since there were so many accounts and opinions of what and how it happened. This is a general overview of what happened that day. On November 22, 1963 John F. Kennedy arrived at Dallas, Texas around 11:45am, on his electoral battle tour of the southern states. By all accounts the people at the airport welcomed him positively. Governor John Connally, his wife and Jackie Kennedy, accompanied him to the limousine, which led the motorcade through the town. When the motorcade arrived at the Dealey Plaza at 12:30 it turned right from Main Street to Houston Street, then turned onto Elm passing the Schoolbook Depository Building. As the motorcade headed down Elm three gunshots rang out (the exact number was never determined but evidence showed three shots, possibly four) and everyone standing on the street ducked down for cover. Kenne...

010 They Say and Process Professor Ramos Blog

010 They Say and Process Emails Quick Write What is the last thing that you remember having to learn? Who helped you? Emails Make sure to write the class and time in the subject line of your email. If you send in a homework assignment, make sure to include an appropriate title. To speed up grading, please copy and paste the homework into the email. For essays, add an attachment that has an appropriate name and title. Journals Journals are easy points to get, that are meant to help you in this class. If you do them, or attempt them, you earn the points. The first two journals asks that you answer some questions. We will continue to build on skills and incorporate them into the journals. Starting next week, you will be writing summaries of the readings. What is Literacy? Literacy the ability to read and write. Also, competence or knowledge in a specified area. Timeline Take out a piece of paper and turn it on its side. Draw a line across the middle. On the left should be the day you were born. On the right, write todays date. Now start filling it in with dates and important events in your life. After you are done, we will share these with a partner. What is the purpose of this you think? Literacy Sponsors According to Deborah Brandt,  sponsors of literacy are â€Å"any agents, local or distant, concrete or abstract, who enable, support, teach, model, as well as recruit, regulate, suppress, or withhold literacy- and gain advantage by it in some way.† Source In other words, sponsors can be anything that helps or hinders your literacy. For this class, I would like you to focus on Let’s come up with a big list of literacy sponsors. ? Shitty First Drafts The writing process is a very important concept that you need to learn. This will move you from writing ok papers to great papers. The first draft is the down draft. The second draft is the up draft. The third draft is the dental draft. They Say Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Why do you think they start out the textbook with this chapter? Why is it important to start with They Say? Free Write Pick one event from your timeline to think about more. How did you go about learning it?

Local visual art event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local visual art event - Essay Example The painting exhibits the use of simple colours and gentle contrasts only. On the other hand, Allemann has chosen to depict a number of elderly people in a park who are playing a game. Some people are shown playing while others are resting to the right side of the painting. The use of colours by Allemann is highly differentiated from that by Keefe. Allemann’s colours present stark contrasts and there are few areas where the colours merge into each other seamlessly (Herberger Theater). Keefe’s The Apple has been created on canvas using oil paints. In contrast, Allemann has composed her work using water colours on a canvas. While there are gentle transitions of colour in Keefe’s work, the transitions in Allemann’s work are far more articulate due to the use of water colours. The composition of Keefe’s painting reveals a choropleth of white and greys that surround an apple in the middle of the painting. The apple has been composed of various shades of red, yellow and green that tends to blend magnificently into each other indicating the artist’s inclination for detailed strokes. Another notable aspect is the use of gentle colours only that tend to blend into each other swiftly. There are no sharp contrasts available throughout the painting anywhere at all. Allemann’s approach to portrayal is markedly different from that of Keefe. The Finals depicts a number of elderly playing, standing and sitting in various areas of the painting. The people throughout the painting are dressed in white such that most people’s hair and skin have colours that have gentle transitions from white. Most people in the painting are painted as dressed in white with white hair while the few black hair produce sharp contrasts in colour. The background of Allemann’s painting has been created in dark greens and certain blacks that present a

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Case study - Coursework Example Coffee profits are visualized as the only strategy to acquire an outside world to obtain financial resources in realizing the vision of buying a ranch for the monastery. A potential competitive advantage for the Monk Coffee is observable despite the challenges posed by the cloistered monastic environment. Such is founded on the market niche of serving Catholics around the world and to maximize coffee production. The MCCs business model involves the external purchase of organic coffee beans from a broker with an associated premium price for daily fluctuations. Considering the ability of the Mystic Monk Coffees strategy to increase the income earned on an hourly basis tremendously, such a strategy is a money-maker strategy but entirely used for the monastery. The profit formula is an 11% of the revenues. A rich customer value proposition is based on quality when serving the coffee clubs and the wholesalers. The free labour that is not profit oriented and without taxes coupled with roasting coffee in the monastery are reliable resources for creating customer value (Faggioli, 2014). I would recommend that Father Daniel obtains part time help in the operations of the monasterys coffee to maximize the returns. The goals and objectives must be altered to become measurable, timely and precise to define and achieve the long-term direction and vision. The approach to the strategy and the strategy have no problem since they are aligned with the overall mission of the Carmelites. Purchasing a new roaster is highly recommended to increase the

Poverty in America Essay Example for Free

Poverty in America Essay Poverty is a disturbing but significant global concern. Just as it is for millions of other people all over the globe, poverty is occurring in America. Over the past decades, income disparity is ascending, in addition to the number of communities that failed to keep up with the national economic standard. Although poverty is present everywhere, it is more serious in developing countries, wherein one in every five person lives on not more than $1 for each day, which is the threshold being applied by the World Bank to classify poverty. The unrelenting problem of poverty is a multifaceted one that embraces individuals and communities who, without their fault, find themselves powerless to manage in this information-intensive and constantly developing world. For the majority Americans, poverty implies destitution, or the lack of ability to provide the family with reasonable shelter, clothing, and nutritious food. Despite the fact that material destitution does exist in America, it is relatively confined in severity and scope. To be aware of poverty in America, it is necessary to observe several statistics, as well as to observe the actual living conditions of the persons that are considered poor by the government. Overview of Poverty in America A large numbers of the country’s population live at or below the threshold of poverty, which means payment of bills every month and financing for the essentials, consisting of shelter, clothing, and food, not counting access to health care and a number of simple comforts is a constant struggle. According to estimates in 2003, roughly 25 percent of counties in the United States had low rates of workforce participation, soaring rates of unemployment, high reliance on government transfer expenditures, and incomes that is lower than one-half of the national average or less for each person. The Census Bureau classifies poverty as a family of three earning not more than $14,680, and not more than $9,393 for a worker without any dependent (Blanco, 2004). According to the 2003 statistics of the Census Bureau, almost 36 million Americans lived in poverty, which is 1.3 million more in 2002. Since 2000, the country has experienced an increase of 4.4 million people who lives in poverty (Blanco, 2004). According to a survey, the present American families are experiencing worse living conditions than they have in the previous years, as 10 percent of all families or approximately 7.6 million families in 2003 lived in poverty, which is an enormous ascend from the previous years (Blanco, 2004). In 2005, the registration of the United States Census Bureau of poor individuals in the country totaled to approximately 37 million poor Americans (Rector Johnson, 2004). Therefore, there is one in every eight Americans that is struggling with inconceivable poverty. These millions of Americans are asserted to be deficient of the necessary clothing, shelter, and enough money for the food, as well as being forced to live in unpleasant conditions (Rector Johnson, 2004). Common Factors of Poverty In the concluding half of the 20th century, the three factors that are generally offered to explain movements of poverty in the United States are changes in family structure, economic inequality, and income growth. If the average per-capita incomes are increased, such as increasing wages and employment, then it is expected that poverty will generally decline. Nevertheless, economic inequality can take the edge off the overall constructive impact of income growth if lower-income workforce and unemployed citizens do not benefit from the fruits of such development. On the other hand, changes in the family structure, primarily the ever-increasing number of families headed by female may be linked with higher rates of poverty for the reason that such families are more expected to be poor and are more economically vulnerable. I. Economic Equality Certainly, the country has made several enhancements over the intervening decades in terms of the overall minimum living standard as measured through material conditions. Yet the living conditions of the poor individuals are severely different from that of families and individuals who take advantage of various degree of economic security as measured through income levels that provide unstressed and comfortable situations. The escalation in the number of poor individuals and families in the country ought to provide the government various apprehension, but even more upsetting is the increasing difference between the underprivileged and wealthy in America. In the previous decades, compensation for more affluent Americans has considerably ascended, stimulated by increase in stock options, bonuses, salaries and other rewards. However, the compensation provided for millions of lower-wage workforces dropped off; and in fact, a number of them have even lost their jobs (Blanco, 2004). Therefore, this factor has prevented the advantages of economic growth from being equally drawn out. Moreover, in 2005, non-Hispanic white men, not less than 25 years of age, holding only high-school qualification have $35,679 median income; whereas women within the same age group, need a degree in college in order to obtain a comparable median income (Spriggs, 2007). The outcome is that the households headed by female are harmed by the major earnings gap, which has a poverty rate of 31.1 percent in contrast to their male-headed household counterparts, which only had a 13.4 percent poverty rate (Spriggs, 2007). In 2005, poverty for women is excessively elevated than men, which is14.1 percent in contrast to 11.1 (Spriggs, 2007). The disparity reflects unrelenting gaps in earnings between male and female workers. At the same time, since 1959 the median income of white males with a family of five has been higher than the poverty line, but for women with a family of three, it was only in 1990 that their median income broke beyond the poverty line (Spriggs, 2007). Further, notwithstanding the progressive structure of benefit procedure in Social Security benefits, the constant gap is best reflected in disparities in poverty among the elderly, where the lifetime earnings of women suggest they have lower assets than men. II. Family Structure Higher rates of poverty among women have generally been contributed to the changes in family structure. The percentage of families headed by single female with children rapidly rose over the previous decades of the 20th century, which reached 26.5 percent in 1995 from only 11.5 percent of all families with children in 1970; with higher rates for Hispanics and blacks. At the start of year 2003, roughly 26.1 percent of the entire families with children in the country were headed by single woman. A number of such families do not obtain any or adequate child support from the absent fathers of the children. It is suggested in one study that if fathers married the destitute mothers of their children, approximately three-quarters of the single-parents would instantly be elevated outside poverty status (Rector Johnson, 2004). Obviously, two parents in a household generally earn more than single-parent. The burden of receiving enough income to raise dependent children outside poverty additionally confronts women who are the single head of the family, as well as getting and paying for child care concurrently with their work and management of the household without help. Since this hazard confronted by women of serving non-working dependents as well as their efforts in looking after their elderly parents is not distributed by society, women who head such families are expected to obtain lower levels of education, therefore, resulting to their lower earnings. Aside from the fact that women are more expected to earn significantly less than men with similar qualifications, mothers have a tendency to accumulate less experience than other workers. III. Income Growth Poverty is associated with the lack of sufficient income, so the core problem therefore is the compensation for the workers. Among the poor, only 11.4 percent or 2.9 million jobs around the clock is available for the whole year (Spriggs, 2007). This sector of the population is further directly impaired by minimum-wage laws that have hindered costs of living. This setback is particularly severe for poverty stricken American-Hispanics and American-Asians, where 18 percent of them worked year-round for full time (Spriggs, 2007). There are several reasons why numerous people lack the income to overcome poverty. For instance, people do not work or if they work, they do not earn sufficient amount of money. Whether in good or bad economic times, the ordinary poor family with children exerts only 800 hours of work throughout a year or 16 hours of work for each week (Rector Johnson, 2004). Evidently, almost 75 percent of poor children would be lifted outside certified poverty status if work is provided in every family, that would increase the work hours to 2,000 for every year or comparable to 40 hours for each week all through the year (Rector Johnson, 2004). In 2005, approximately 61 percent underprivileged families have no less than one worker; and of twice-poor families, 71 percent have no less than one worker. In view of the 1990s record job creation, the number of poor but working people declined to 8.5 million in 2000 from 10.1 million in 1993. In short, America is capable of dealing with poverty. But there have been vast stubborn concerns that have lodged the face of poverty. Mounting disparity in the labor market has increased the share of the working age poor citizens, and the unsympathetic federal minimum-wage laws that have amplified the numbers of poor people working year-round for full-time. In a country with a per capita Gross Domestic Product is exceeding the poverty line for a family of four, it is atrocious that there are still more than 12 million poverty stricken American children, and nearly 3 million people work around the clock, for one whole year who are still finding it hard to make ends meet. Facts Concerning the American Poor Sector Based on the American’s accepted definition of poverty, only a small number of the 37 million individuals fit the poor description, contrary to what the Census Bureau classified. Despite the fact that real material destitution undoubtedly does take place, it is limited in severity and scope. A number of America’s underprivileged lives in material conditions that would be considered as well-off or comfortable some generations ago. The following are information obtained from different government reports regarding people classified as poor by the Census Bureau: 1. Roughly 46 percent of the entire poor households actually own their individual houses (Rector Johnson, 2004). The typical house owned by persons identified as poor by the Census Bureau is a three-bedroom house with a garage, one-and-a-half baths, with at least a patio or porch. 2. About 76 percent of underprivileged families have air conditioning in their houses (Rector Johnson, 2004). By comparison, merely 36 percent of the entire population of the United States benefited from air conditioning 3 decades ago. 3. Only 6 percent of the underprivileged families are considered overcrowded, and not less than two-thirds of them have extra two rooms for every person (Rector Johnson, 2004). 4. The typical poor American has more living space than the average individual living in Athens, Vienna, London, Paris, and other cities all over Europe (Rector Johnson, 2004). 5. Practically three-quarters of poor families own an automobile, while 30 percent own at least two automobiles (Rector Johnson, 2004). 6. Approximately 97 percent of poor households own at least one colored television, while half of the said percentage has at least two colored televisions (Rector Johnson, 2004). 7. Roughly 78 percent own DVD or VCR players, while 62 percent have satellite or cable television reception (Rector Johnson, 2004). 8. Around 73 percent of the poor households have microwave ovens, one-third owns an automatic dishwasher, and over half own a stereo system (Rector Johnson, 2004). Further, as a group, America’s poor are far from being constantly malnourished. In fact poor children have usual protein intakes of 100 percent beyond the medically suggested levels and consume more meat than children of higher-income do (Rector Johnson, 2004). Nevertheless, despite the fact that in general the poor are well-nourished, there are still several poor families who experience short-term distress due to food deficiencies. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, although most of the time the hunger is temporary, still 2.6 percent of poor children and 13 percent of poor families experience food shortage sometime during the year (Rector Johnson, 2004). Approximately 89 percent of the poor account sufficient food to eat to their families, at the same time only 2 percent says they often do not have adequate food to eat (Rector Johnson, 2004). Conclusion / Recommendations Following the United States government classification of poverty, the typical poor American people have a living standard far superior as compared to what the public envisions. Nevertheless, the typical poor person’s living conditions should not be taken to suggest that every poor American lives devoid of hardship. Millions of Americans are still continually struggling to hang on, making tough choices between housing, hunger and health care for their families. Economic inequality, income growth, and changes in family structure without doubt affected poverty trends over the latter half of the 20th century. Poverty in America can be readily reduced, if parents are provided with sufficient hours of work and if fathers are at all times present with their families. Although marriage and work are unyielding ladders away from poverty, the country’s welfare system uncooperatively continues to be unsympathetic to both. Foremost programs such as Medicaid, public housing, and food stamps keep on reprimanding marriage and rewarding idleness. Therefore, if welfare could be turned around to uphold marriage and work, the remaining number of poor family would quickly decrease. Further, as a matter of course, the United States has employed over the years job creation and economic growth to trim down poverty, but at present situation the courses are consequential only to the extent that inequality on wages is reduced. Poor people are generally not victims of themselves, but of appalling economic policies along with obstructions to opportunity. Since work generates income, it is important therefore that the government must provide a great increase in available working hours in different labor sectors for the poor. Along with the work opportunities, it is also important to eliminate economic inequalities based on gender, age, economic status, and many others in order to provide higher wages and higher incomes to the underprivileged sectors of the country. America is a nation with one of the most productive and strongest economies in the world. As such, the country must exert a continuing effort to fully utilize the abundance and therefore eliminate the country ’s alarming poverty rate.

Essay --

Once considered taboo, tattoos have shed the social outcast stigma once associated with getting inked. One might even say tattoos have become trendy. The ancient art form traces back 4,000 years to the Egyptians. The oldest mummy ever found –dating back to the Bronze Age of Europe – had 59 tattoos. Tattoos have adorned the arms of kings, queens and czars, representing power and wealth. King Harold of England’s body was identified on a battleground by his tattoo, which featured the name Edith inscribed over his heart. King Edward VII of England had a dragon on his forearm. In Great Britain, tattoos were a sacred familial ritual as the Danes, Norse and Saxon tattooed their family crests on their chests. Tattooing spread in the United States as a way to memorialize fallen soldiers during the Civil War. Tattoos’ elite status symbol plummeted in 1891 when Samuel O’Reilly patented his tattoo machine in New York. Tattoos, which were previously available only to the upper class, became popular with the general public. By the early 1900s, tattoos became associated with the lower class,...

University Education for Women

Research essay Essay topic: women should be required to undertake a university education in developing countries. In today’s modern life, the role of women has become more and more important in economic growth. However, in many countries, especially in developing countries, low female educational rate is big problem. This essay argues that women should be required to undertake a university education in developing countries. The first reason why women should be required to undertake a university education in developing countries is that it can affect positively some social problems such as family planning and illiteracy rate.People need to know that in most developing countries, the literacy rate of males is significantly higher than females. For example, the percentage of literate males in Vietnam is 94. 0% while the percentage of literate females is 86. 9% (Phan et al. , 2004, para 3). Similarly, according to Chandramouli (2011), the literate male’s percentage (86. 9%) is much higher than the percentage of literate females (65. 5%) in India. Thus, women should take a university education to equal the balance between males and female’s literacy rate.Moreover, if women take tertiary education, they may have more knowledge to understand the importance of family planning to avoid having more than 2 children. Another important reason is that women play an essential role in family literacy. According to Bhandari & Smith (1997), mother’s literacy is related to preschool children’s knowledge, language and literacy skills. For instance, a mother is a person who is closest to children in a family so mother’s behaviour have a huge impact on children. If parents, especially mothers have bad behavior, their children may imitate those actions.In contrast, if mothers have high knowledge, they can teach their children better. They may tell their children meaningful stories to help children know what is good or not and do better in sch ool. Having high education of mothers also brings better health care for their children. Therefore, it is better for women to undertake university education in developing countries which have higher birth rate. Finally, women with university education may have more opportunities for jobs or higher social position.It is true that women who have higher levels of education, especially tertiary education can get a good job easier. High- educated women can have necessary knowledge and social skills which they had learnt in universities to get job in today’s society in developing countries which are male-dominated societies in the past. Women have some qualities that men do not have such as flexibility, multi- tasking so if they have high-educated, they can be more successful than man. Furthermore, having a university degree can help women have higher social position.For example, in some developing countries, many high educated women hold an important role in the state apparatus su ch as Yingluck Shinawatra- Thailand’s first female prime minister. In conclusion, women should be required to undertake a university education in developing countries because of its effect to some social problems and its role in family literacy as well as individual’s benefits. It is clear that government and communities should be aware of the importance of women’s education to make our society better.References list: 1. Bhandari, R. & Smith, F. J. (1997), Available from: http://www. jrre. psu. edu/articles/v13,n3,p183-196,Bhandari. pdf [Accessed: May 5, 2012]. 2. Chandramouli, C. , & (2011), Available from: http://censusindia. gov. in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/Rural_Urban_2011. pdf [Accessed: May 3, 2012]. 3. Phan, T. , Bilgin, A. ,Eyland, A. , Shaw, P. (2004), . Available from: http://stat. mq. edu. au/Stats_docs/research_papers/2004/Literacy_in_Vietnam_-_an_atlas. pdf [Accessed: May 11, 2012]

Life of Pi Pre-Read Socratic Seminar

Pi reflects on religion constantly, but he does mention that he always goes back to his Hindu customs and rituals that he grew up with. Do you believe that religious or people with strong belief systems growing up always have that religion as their bases for many decisions in their life? Does that religious belief ever change? I feel as though the religion will always be the base for decisions. Even if the person may stray away from that religion, the foundation that was put into their mind by that religion will stay. I know that for me, I grew up in a Christian environment.I went to all the Sunday school classes, VBS activities, volunteered at church, but I remember soon getting very agitated with the very people who I knew to be Christian. My family were leaders within the Christian community: pastors, musicians, teachers, wives of pastors, so it didn’t quite make sense that I saw them in acts of betrayal, dishonesty, and anger toward one another. Despite my becoming Atheist at that point in my life, I couldn’t relinquish the morals that I had grown up with: unconditional love for others, forgiveness, non-violence and conservation of the body and mind.I may not have sensed God’s presence then and there, but the religion was still there. In all instances of my life, I still find myself trying my best to follow the morals I grew up with no matter what I come to believe. I see that today in society it is important to raise our children in a well-mannered household. If a parent wants them to grow up well, they must teach them first the morals they want their family to uphold. But they must also place a certain amount of importance on it and let the child understand that it IS important and MUST be followed or it won’t stick with them.I don’t think that the religion or morals change, however meld themselves to fit the new beliefs of the person. If they believe so strongly toward something, they WILL keep it and honor it. Pi state s that the compulsion to make life more livable by inventing a better story is natural instinct both to mankind and animals alike. Is this so of society today? Do we still have the need to conform? How much of a â€Å"better story† can one make before it becomes too unrealistic? Psychologically it is a need to make ourselves look and feel good. It is a way for us to maintain an image of ourselves.It’s a way we attract our mates and a good self-esteem booster. Confidence and consistency is key in this world for us to achieve our desires. We want to be agreeable, make a social situation run smoothly, and avoid disagreement and discord at all costs, yet we do that with the price of breaking the intimacy and trust that holds a bond together. I believe that in order for humanity to survive it needs to face the facts and deal with the blows as they come. Then and only then will true strength of an individual and that individual’s relationship will come forth.I feel th at if humanity continues to lie to themselves, things will not get done. Global Warming for example is considered a myth by many because we don’t want to accept the reality that it will cause our Earth great harm; that it will cause US great harm. The same with the re-invention of stories to make a person more appealing. We don’t think they will cause harm, but they do. We break down trust and make in the end lose our loved ones and ourselves in the process. I believe ir is at this point we begin to question who we actually are and what we can truly achieve.However, I do also feel that as humanity grows deeper into crisis we need a way to escape from the harsh reality of the world. I think that as long as we are in our confines of our own mind, we can keep altering ourselves for betterment. In Pi’s case he seems to want to escape the past and pass the burden of his story to another person. When Orange Juice fights the hyena, the almost human-like nature of the o rangutan disappears and she becomes violent. Pi realizes that personality that one shows does not always beat natural instinct.Name examples where this is true or provide evidence of where it doesn’t. Can personality triumph over instinct? Personality is a big part of how we shape ourselves. The similarities and differences are shown through how we react to the diversity in the world and how we create or destroy relationships with one another. When a person feels threatened by something, or similarly with an animal, they will react almost instinctively in order to protect their being. If a person feels threatened they will yell, kick, and go bat-shit crazy. So will an animal.There is a fine line between instinct and personality. Over the years we have learned to overcome it, but in times of stress it comes out no matter how hard a person or animal has trained to keep it within. It’s like in the Jungle Book: â€Å"You can take the boy out of the jungle, but you canâ₠¬â„¢t take the jungle out of the boy. † The instinct is our body’s natural way of protecting ourselves. I do feel though that over time and through much work a person and an animal can overcome their fears and obstacles to becomes a less threatening being. So yes, personality will triumph both in my heart and in Pi’s.I think that Pi saw this fine line of personality vs instinct and knew full well how even though society has become more modern, there are still things in this world that offset the balance: natural disasters, politics, and religion. That is why I think Pi puts so much stress on the detail that to him religions were based off love and compassion toward everyone and everything. He is confused with how people react like animals when it comes to their beliefs. Simply put, they are threatened. Scared that the balance will now be leaning more towards one side and that another will gain the power and become the â€Å"Alpha† being.

Npl Non Performing Loan Essays

Npl Non Performing Loan Essays Npl Non Performing Loan Essay Npl Non Performing Loan Essay Most of the financial institutions have the problem of non-performing loans. Basically, the non-performing loans (Naps) mean that the loans in default, or is close to being in default according to Investigated. In the contract terms, Naps indicates the failure to promptly pay Interest or principal when due. When the borrowers are unable to meet the legal obligation on making the required payment or are unwilling to honor the debt, the default will be taken place. With the Increase of Naps, the level of market confidence will be affected. The effect of the banks bad-loan problems can be seen at the East Aslant crisis which occurred n July 1997. During the crisis, banks balance sheets were deterioration due to the increasing of Naps which showed in the Figure 1 below (Deteriorate Guppy). The problem was started as the deregulation was exercised In the financial markets. A lot of loan borrowings from the private nonofficial business sector were easily being approved. But, the bank regulators failed to supervise the borrowers as there was a lack of expertise in screening and monitoring the borrowers at banking institutions. Hence, the default loans started to Increase and the banks net worth (capital) became lesser. The bank would have lesser fund to lend. Then, the economic activity would be reduced due to the lack of funds (Munchkins and Sneaking, 2000). Figure 1: Changes of Non-performing Loans ( Source: Van Dick and Fitch ABACA database) In additions, the Increase In uncertainty and a decrease In net worth caused a stock market declines. Then, the asymmetric information problems increased. It would become difficult to screen out good borrowers. The adverse selection and moral hazard problems Increased seriously. With the Increase of these problems, lenders were unlikely to lend out money and led to the decline of Investment and the crease of aggregate economic activity. Due to the poor business situations and uncertainty about their banks health which the bank could go broke. Depositors began to withdraw their funds from banks. The massive withdrawal of depositors would bring the bank failures. If they snowballed, bank panic would take place. The number of banks could decline. It was able to raise the interest rate even further and decreased the financial intermediation by banks. Deterioration of problems created by adverse selection and moral hazard could lead to the further economic contraction (Munchkins and Sneaking, 2000). Ultimately, market would have a stroke which was hardly recovered. Thus, market confidence wouldnt be optimistic. The stability of financial system in Malaysia could affect as well. After the Aslant crisis, governments In South-East Asian countries have taken action on solving the problems. Many rescue activities such as insertion of huge amount of government capital Into problematic Tanks, moving non-performing loans out AT banks, and setting up special government organizations to deal with non-performing loans, etc. (Ho, n. D. ). To deal with the impact of the Asian financial crisis in 1997-98, Penguins Attendant National Bertha has been set up by Bank Engage Malaysia to buy bad loans from financial institutions. Meanwhile, Adenoidal National Bertha has also been set up to recapitulate banking institutions. And the Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee was set up to reorganize large corporate debts. Other than that, Bank Engage Malaysia was also instrumental in designing and applying the selective exchange control measures introduced in September 1998 (Bank Engage Malaysia, 2003). To sustain full stability in the financial sector during the recent crisis, strong overspent commitment and support are important. It has contributed to the strength and thus returns of confidence in the industry. The support includes the timely government intervention to re-capitalist weak banks and remove non- performing loans from the banking system as well as the consolidation exercise (Public Bertha, 2000). As a conclusion, bad-loan problems should be faced seriously as they have a significant impact to a development of a country. Proper loan ad project monitoring system should be implemented in better manners. So, the asymmetric information can be avoided and then the Naps can be controlled. Question 2 The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of United State. Unlike central bank in other countries, Federal Reserve is not owned by government, it is owned by commercial banks in the district. Three of the directors are appointed by government, and government has the right to set and control salaries of high level employees. It is not a profit making institution, while Federal Reserve makes profits, member banks get 6% of investment capital as a dividend, and the rest will keep in capital account. The current chairman of Federal Reserve is Ben Aberrant. Federal Reserve controls U. S economy and it can influence world economy too. Its role and duties all into four general areas: 1 . Conducting the nations monetary policy by influencing monetary and credit condition in the economy in pursuit of maximum employment, stables price, and moderate long-term interest rates. 2. Supervising and regulating banking institution to ensure the safety and soundness of the nations banking and financial system, and protect the credit rights of consumers. 3. Maintaining stabilities of the financial system and containing systemic risk that may arise in financial markets. 4. Providing financial services to depository institutions, the U. S government, and foreign official institutions, including playing a major role in operating the nations payments system. Federal Reserve is consider an independence central bank, it has goal Independence, to set own Notation target, control AT money supply Ana exchange rate. It has the legal independence also, it is enshrined in law. It also has management independence and operation independence, to determine the best way to achieve the goal and run its operation, such as appointing staff and set budget. Public encourage central bank to be independence; the main reason is avoid Laotian take advantage in election by using monetary policy tools. When high unemployment is occur, one of the method to solve it is expansionary monetary. Compare with reeducation and retrain, expansionary monetary policy can help national output grow faster. But it is also create high inflation rate, due to money supply over in the market. To control inflation rate, government and central bank will increase interest rate to lower the inflation rate, government will increase interest rate to control it. It will finally occur high interest rate(low output) and high unemployment rate. If central bank could work independence, it could control inflation rate better cause it does not need to rush under political pressure. Monetary policy might be miss use by politician, to be their election tools. Politician can get advantage in reelection. Politician can increase money supply to make the growth of national output and consuming in short term. It creates a phenomenon that economy going very well. The after election, politician can reduce the money supply, to avoid the inflation problems. But the output peaked in the month of election, and falling ever since, due to money supply has been cut. In this situation, politician can either maintain the high output but high inflation, or cut down money supply to solve inflation problem but low output. Whatever decision government make, damage of economy system is definitely occur. To avoid politician take advantage I election and make problem to economy system by monetary policy, Federal Reserve should work independence. When Government increase annual budget, to purchase goods and services, they must finance by 3 ways-raising taxes, increase government debt, or printing new money. Public definitely not willing to pay higher taxes, raising taxes will bring bad influence to next election. Issue new government bond also not a good method, high government debt also make public unsatisfied. Hence, politician prefers print new notes for spending. And the result is, it increase inflation rate in long term (Thomas Mark, 2009). There is some argument against Federal Reserve independence. Monetary policy must be coordinate with fiscal policy, to ensure economy system working well. For example, if government increase annual budget and Federal Reserve decrease interest rate in the same period, they will create terrible inflation rate. Central bank loud never manage to control fiscal policy, so, only by placing monetary policy under control of federal government can these two policies be coordinate. Another argument against really Reserve Independence Is Tanat Independence He has failed to manage the inflation rate. For example, in sass-sass, Fed has overly expansionary monetary policy and create high inflation rate ever (Thomas Mark, 2007). Independence Federal Reserve bank has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Federal Reserve being independence is ensure the Federal Reserve run without controlling of government, to avoid monetary become election tools of Laotians. An independence central bank will not create inflation problem under political pressure. Advantage of Federal Reserve being independence is, if central bank work closely with government, monetary policy can be more coordinate with fiscal policy, economy system can have stable and stronger growth. In our opinion, independence central bank is more suitable for a democratic country, like United State. In a freedom and democratic country, political manipulate to financial system are not allowed, if the incident is explore, the bad influence is deeper than Just a mistake of maintaining interest rate. We had also discussed if politician control in central banks actions, it will finally brings Inflation problem, unemployment problem and low output problems, and so on. Hence, we are strongly support Federal Reserve keep its independence and have more freedom even. Question 3 Insurance Companies are the financial intermediaries, which use the premium is paid on policies to invest on bonds, stock, mortgages and other loans. Asymmetric information occurred because of insured person has an incentive to cheat and seek for a claim from insurance companies (Munchkins and Sneaking, 2009). Insured person can lain the losses on the policies that they bought from the insurance companies, such as life, property, casualty or health insurance. Asymmetric information means lack of information is provided by the second party. There are two kind of asymmetric information, which is adverse selection and moral hazard. Adverse selection occurred before the transaction. Adverse selection means that someone is providing the fault information that affects the decision of insurance companies whether to accept or reject the insurance policies. Moral hazard occurred after the transaction. Insurance companies could not predict the ensured person will be engaged in any risky activities after buying the insurance policies (Munchkins and Sneaking, 2009). Based on the article is given, it shows the insurance companies refuse to pay medical bills to the insured person, who do not qualify for the claim. To protect the insurance industry, government proposed Medical Examination a Must for Insurance Purposes It is important to have a proper understanding of the asymmetric information in insurance industry. A proper understanding of asymmetric information is important to prevent any Truculent occurred, wanly could Drill a nudge amount AT losses to ten Insurance impasses. Refer to an article (Appendices 1) from The Star 2009, Singapore police recover 30 stolen Malaysian luxury cars. Some cars owners are forced to surrender their cars after they lost in gambling session in Singapore and reported the car have been stolen when they returned to Malaysia. The car owners are trying to cheat for a claim from their losses. Insurance companies will be suffered a huge losses if the police did not reveal the truth. Refer to the insurance industry statistic on stolen vehicles in Malaysia (Appendices 2), it shows the overall vehicle theft in 1997-2008. Number of theft was reached 46,330 cases in 2008. Claim incurred have been raised from REARM million to REARM million from 2007-2008. There is a significant increased by 1 billion in a year. If the amount of claim continuing increased in future, the insurance companies will not able to pay all the losses of policyholder. It is important for insurance companies to have a proper understanding about asymmetric information and come out with a good solution. To counter the asymmetric information, insurance companies overcome with some kind of solutions, which could reduce the adverse selection and moral hazard problems. Screening is an effective procedure to collect customer profile and allocate the risk class of policyholder (Munchkins and Sneaking, 2009). Screening is effective to reduce the adverse selection problems. There is an auto insurance rating system (Appendices 3) in US. It explained 6 factors that the driver insurance rate is determined:- 1 . Type of vehicles. (Safer car, less insured cost) 2.

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays

Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights Essays - Animal Testing, Free Essays Animal Rights Vs. Human Rights h Laboratory animals The use of laboratory animals is important to three main areas: biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. Biomedical researchers use animals to extend their understanding of the workings of the body and the processes of disease and health, and to develop new vaccines and treatments for various diseases. The research these people do isnt only for human benefit; it is also helping to develop veterinary techniques. The industry uses animals to test the effectiveness and safety of many consumer products, such as cosmetics, household cleaning products, pesticides, chemicals, and drugs. Educators, from elementary school all the way up to college, use animals as parts of the teaching process, including dissecting worms, and frogs in science classes to medical students using animals to learn surgical techniques. Scientists study animals to learn more about certain species: its history, its psychological and social behaviors, and its skills. If the animals are kept in captivity, they can be caused pain that isnt natural part of its environment. A number of organizations wish to replace and reduce the number of animals being used or, at the very least, lessen the pain. Rats and mice make up 85-90% of animals used in research, education, and testing. Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, and non-human primates are studied as well. Dogs and Cats make up about 1% of research animals. The certain animal depends on what is being studied. The majority of rats and mice are bred specifically for research. Half of the dogs and cats that are used are bred for that purpose too. Animal dealers are the primary source for the rest. Animal dealers must be licensed by the USDA, or the United States Department of Agriculture and have to obey the standards of care set up by the Animal Welfare Act. h Alternatives to Animal Testing Alternative methods fall into three main categories, also known as the three Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement is when animals are replaced, either by absolute replacement, which is when an animal is completely replaced, or by relative replacement, just cells and tissues are used, instead of the whole animal. Replacement isnt always an option although, for those animals that do undergo testing, scientists try to lessen the pain and make the animals more comfortable. Replacement isnt considered an option anymore-it has become daily. A few years ago, when a woman wanted to find out whether or not she was pregnant, she had to stop at a laboratory and get a test that involved killing a rabbit. Nowadays, she can buy and over-the-counter kit that tests her for certain chemicals. Computers are a new high-tech method of replacement. For example, dissection on a computer model instead of real, live frogs, which I would prefer! People are becoming increasingly popular when it comes time for the needs for volunteers for new facial and skin products. Reduction is the second method involves sharing research animals. For one example, if one scientist doing a study on the lungs of a sheep, when it comes time to kill the sheep he will allow the others to use his kidneys, liver or heart. Refinement being the third choice means to reduce any pain and suffering that the animal is going through. Techniques that are less hostile to the animal can also be considered refinement. Researchers can use ultrasound or an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to see what is going on inside the animal instead of cutting into it. The cosmetics industry, which 20 years ago tested all its products on animals has come so close to stopping using animals. Many companies have reduced the use of whole-animal testing by 80 V 90%. Some have eliminated it completely. Since the 80s many companies have put serious amounts of money and effort into a search for alternatives for animal testing. Plus, most ingredients that are being used today have already been tested on an animal and have shown to be safe. h What kinds of tests are being done? The chronic-toxicity tests assess the effects of long-term exposure, often at low levels, to certain subjects. Acute-toxicity tests evaluate the risk of short-term exposure, accidental contact with eyes, skin and indigestion. There have two

A Structured Stakeholder Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Structured Stakeholder Analysis - Essay Example This paper will review The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal organization as a key stakeholder in healthcare, with regards to how it acts towards solving the issue of microbial resistance. The association of the Rosenthal Family foundation to health care is derived from its connection with the Institute of Medicine, IOM which in 1988 initiated an outreach program. The program aimed at creating a communal innovative outreach through which organizations and other able parties could team up with the IOM and brainstorm together in solving specific issues in health care. The Rosenthal Family Foundation, which at that time was known as the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation, strongly moved in to support the move by the IOM. Ever since, the two have been working as partners year after year, and have been including additional experts in the fields in addressing some health policy issues. The main operational base of this partnership has been around Washington DC, although their services in health care have at times extended to other parts of the United States (Institute of Medicine, 2014). One of the most recent campaigns hosted by the partnership between the Institute of Medicine and the Rosenthal Family Foundation is titled â€Å"The 2014 Richard and Rosenthal Symposium 2014: Antimicrobial Resistance: A Problem without Borders†. In this campaign, the foundation reveals that it was inspired by a report released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report stated that of the five threats currently facing the United States, antimicrobial resistance dominates as one of the most critical. The issue lies in that about two million Americans acquire bacterial infections, which prove resistant to one or more antibiotics. The result of this is approximately twenty-three thousand annual deaths (CDCP, 2014). The Rosenthal Foundation is representing the World Health Organization, which through the White House in 2011

Noise is the enemy of communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noise is the enemy of communication - Article Example Claude’s discovery has impacted the modern world since it is the basis of all communication that exists today. The challenge of noise had was a big limitation during World War II but he managed to solve the problem by developing a universal communication method where all people could understand one another. During the World War II, the military utilized radio communication, which was one of the factors that made the war push to all corners of the globe. There were significant advancements in Cryptography since I was necessary to send messages very fast and keep them secret. Airplanes were being used in the war and there was need to be able to detect them before they appeared in the horizons. Claude was designing a mechanism to perform this role. He was also determined to device a means of shooting down a plane immediately it appeared (Andrew, 2012). He managed to make a breakthrough but it was not useful since it was not accurate. The challenge made him and others think of information propagation after the war. He was torn between, radar signals, phone calls, television and videos since he wanted an accurate method of communication. Having a perception that noise was not favorable for communication, he was focused on storing and transmitting information that rejected noise. He knew that communication was equally challenging as mathematics and engineering and hence focused a lot on his mission. His basic idea was that any mode of communication should have minimal uncertainty for it to be effective. He understood that here being many languages, some words had a lot of meaning to some people than others. Shannon discovered that establishing various codes and symbols would solve the problem and people speaking diff languages could understand each other well. His discovery was a unifying factor since the world war involved different people and they had no common communication language. Shannon coding systems was based on reducing

International business - ideas international Essay

International business - ideas international - Essay Example ver, Hindi is the main language in which most of the high budget films are getting introduced in the market, and Bollywood is the front face of the Indian film industry. The Bollywood has earned an international repute for its excellence in the field of film production. The liberalized foreign investment regime has given a tremendous opportunity to the foreign film makers. But, the foreign film production company should remember that the India is a very sensitive market as far as the films are concern. There are many religions, languages and rituals are practiced in India so, before making a film these points should be clarified as the films are one of the main mass Medias in India. The Film World is a private limited company. It was found in late seventies in Melbourne, Australia. It is having a vast experience in producing high quality films in the Australia and in the international market. The film world is one of the upcoming films production companies in the Australia. The company is packed with full of talented work force. It believes in producing quality work. It has many successful achievements throughout the journey for more than two decades. In the mid of eighties that is in 1985, the FilmWorld ventured into the film production and distribution in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The early ninety was a great time for the company as it was going through a tremendous success in the Australia and Malaysia. During the last few years the company is producing approximately four films in Australia and three films in Malaysia in a yearly basis. Due to the recent advancement, the company is looking for the opportunities in the Indian film market. India has the world’s biggest film industry in terms of number of movies produced in a year; it is almost eight hundred movies yearly. It works efficiently as one of the great sectors for the foreign investment. However, for any foreign investors the background check is very important and there lies the importance of the

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay Socialism Socialism is an economic system where all the economic decisions are made by the government or a central authority. There will be no private property rights since the government officially owns all resources. It is also known as a command economy or a planned system. Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems. A socialist economy is based on some form of social ownership, which includes varieties of public ownership and independent cooperatives, over the means of production, wherein production is carried out to directly produce use-value sometimes, but not always, coordinated through economic planning and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or a direct measure of labor-time. The term socialist economics may also be applied to analysis of former and existing economic systems that call themselves socialist, such as the works of Hungarian economist Jà ¡nos Kornai. Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought, most notably Marxian economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics and neoclassical economics. Early socialism, like Ricardian socialism, was based on classical economics. During the 20th century, proposals and models for planned economies and market socialism were based heavily on neoclassical economics or a synthesis of neoclassical economics with Marxian or institutional economics. look more:  what is the basic economic problem essay Characteristics 1 Public ownership of resources All the resources are owned and operated by the state or the government in the interest of society as a whole. This is to ensure equal opportunity of all citizens regardless of their income. Public ownership also aims to fully utilize the country’s resources. 2 Central planning authority The central authority is responsible for making economic decisions for society. The authority plans and allocates resources between current consumption and investment for the future. 3 Price mechanism of lesser importance Socialism gives less importance to market forces. Prices are fixed by the government and not determined by demand and supply. Private profits are not allowed and public interest is emphasized in the command economy. 4 Central control and ownership A socialist economy is a fully planned economy where the government intervenes in all aspects of economic activity. The government controls production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services. Merits of Socialism 1 Production according to basic needs Production in a socialist economy is mainly directed at producing the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing and building materials. It is not determined by the purchasing power of the rich in society. The phenomenon of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer does not exist in the socialist economy. 2 Equal distribution of income and wealth There is no difference between the rich and the poor. This system provides equal opportunity for all citizens in earning an income. Wealth is also equally distributed since private enterprise is limited 3 Better allocation of resourses Under the socialist system, the planning authority will allocate resources between current consumption and future investment. 4 No serious unemployment or recession/ inflation The unemployment rate and inflation are usually taken care of by the government to ensure economic stability in the country. 5 Rapid economic development In a socialism system, the economy grows faster. The main factors responsible for the rapic economic growth are the full utilization of resources, planning and quick decisions. 6 Social welfare The government will provide all citizens of the country with full social security benefits such as pension, accident benefits and others. Since the government is concerned, labour dispute and wastage of resources do not exist in a socialism system. Economic Decisions in a Socialistic System What to produce In Socialism, planning authorities decide what to produce. The Central Planning Authority will collect detailed statistics on the resource availability in the country and link it with national priorities. If the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. How to produce The Central Planning Authority also decided on the techniques to be used in the production of different goods and services. The choice is between traditional and modern technique of production. For example, the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. For whom to produce The distribution of the national product is decided by the Central Planning Authority. The distribution of various commodities among citizens is done through a set of administred fixwd processes. Necessity goods are fixed at lower prices, and luxury goods at higher prices. The purpose of these fixed prices is to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income. Demerits of Socialism 1 Lacks of incentives and initative by individuals Individuals have no profit motive. This will lead to economic inefficiency since jobs are provided by the government and individuals are not motivated to work harder. 2 Loss of economic freedom and consumer sovereignty Under a socialist economy, the central planning authority or the government directs all economic activity. There is no choice given to the consumer and they accept whatever public enterprise produce. There is little variety in the goods and services produced and availability is restricted. Limited private organizations exist in a socialist economy. 3 Absence of competition Since there are limited private enterprises, less research and development (RD) activities are carried out. This results in low quality products since there is no competition. Socialist economies in theory Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert identify five economic models within the rubric of socialist economics * Public Enterprise Centrally Planned Economy in which all property is owned by the State and all key economic decisions are made centrally by the State, the former Soviet Union. * Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, one form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency, while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state, e.g. socialist market economy in China after reform. * A mixed economy, where public and private ownership are mixed, and where industrial planning is ultimately subordinate to market allocation, the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twentieth century Sweden. * Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another form of market socialism in which publicly owned, employee-managed production units engage in free market exchange of goods and services with one another as well as with final consumers, e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkars Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic democracy. * Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning, e.g. stateless communism, libertarian socialism. An incipient historical forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish revolution. More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Polanyi, Participatory Economics and the negotiated coordination model of Pat Devine, as well as in Cornelius Castoriadiss pamphlet Workers Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society. Additionally, Jà ¡nos Kornai identifies five distinct classifications for socialism: * Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labour, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces, so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning. Economic planning in this definition means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use-values as opposed to exchange-values, in contrast to the anarchy of production of capitalism. * Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy, with prices for producer goods set through a trial-and-error method by a central planning board. In this view, socialism is defined in terms of de jure public property rights over major enterprises. * Leninist conception, which includes a form of political organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning (a command economy). * Social Democratic concept, based on the capitalist mode of production, which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation. It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy, gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism, and support for socially progressive causes. Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property; instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state, which relies on the market as the fundamental coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public ownership/public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise. * East Asian model, or socialist market economy, based on a largely free-market, capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state-ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party. Jà ¡nos Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model (as either socialist or capitalist) to the reader.[16] What are the disadvantages and advantages of socialism? Advantages of Socialism * In environments with plentiful resources, socialism provides all members with their survival needs, creating a stable social environment. * Members that cannot participate economically due to disabilities, age, or periods of poor health can still impart wisdom, emotional support and continuity of experience to the system. * Freedom from work provides opportunity for some societal members to explore non-economically-productive pursuits, such as pure science, math and non-popular arts. Disadvantages of Socialism * Since there is no culling and no economic advantage to working harder, socialistic systems provide no inherent incentive to participate. This makes socialism internally unstable. * Due to a lack of incentives, socialistic systems tend not to be competitive, making them externally unstable. * In times of plenty, immigrants are drawn to the free resources offered by socialistic systems, while potentially adding nothing economically productive. * In times of scarcity, resentment of non-economically-productive members of society increases, causing a destabilizing effect on the society and economy History of socialist economic thought Values of socialism have roots in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes, reciprocal obligations, and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe, the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and the emergence of specifically capitalist social relations. As such it is commonly regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era. Many socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in Enlightenment doctrine such as Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Discourse on Inequality, Wilhelm von Humboldts Limits of State Action, or Immanuel Kants insistent defense of the French Revolution. Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial factory system requiring long-term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial (mercantilist) framework. Historically speaking, the most pressing needs of this new system were an assured supply of the elements of industry – land, elaborate machinery, and labour – and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements. According to influential socialist economic historian Karl Polanyis classic account, the forceful transformation of land, money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre-existing social fabric. Marx had viewed the process in a similar light, referring to it as part of the process of primitive accumulation whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production. The dislocation that Polyani and others describe, triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society. These counter-movements, that included, for example, the Luddite rebellions, are the incipient socialist movements. Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory. As Polanyi noted, these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full-fledged socialist movements. Some demands went no further than a wish to mitigate the capitalist markets worst effects. Later, a full socialist program developed, arguing for systemic transformation. Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tamed so as not to be excessively exploitative, or crises could be effectively mitigated, capitalist social relations would remain significantly unjust and anti-democratic, suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling, empowering and creative work, diversity and solidarity. Within this context socialism has undergone four periods: the first in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions (1780s-1850s); then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization (1830–1916); the polarisation of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union, and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response (1916–1989) and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era (1990- ). As socialism developed, so did the socialist system of economics. Utopian socialism The first theories which came to hold the term socialism began to be formulated in the late 18th century, and were termed socialism early in the 19th century. The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing. The abject misery, poverty and disease to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters, or capitalists as they were then becoming to be called, would consist of working classes being driven down to subsistence wages. Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements, which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self-sufficient on the land. These included many religious movements, such as the Shakers in America. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena. In theory, economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity. In practice, small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems. Socialism and classical political economy The first organized theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory, including elements in Adam Smith, Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market, a class analysis, a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system, and the concept of rent as being unproductive. Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic. This, and the possibility of a general glut, an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use, became the foundation of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent disastrous downturns in the economy, and whether the need for expansion would inevitably lead to war. Socialist political economy before Marx Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker A key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He was the most well-known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist. Others were: Technocrats like Henri de Saint Simon, agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie and William Cobbett; anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin; communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen, William Thompson and Charles Fourier; anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray; the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene; as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism. The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent. Count Henri de Saint-Simon was the first individual to coin the term socialism. Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology, which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities. Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work. This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific and material progress, which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy. Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists. The Ricardian socialists, such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall, were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply, and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor. The Ricardian socialists viewed profit, interest and rent as deductions from this exchange-value. Das Kapital Karl Marx employed systematic analysis in an ambitious attempt to elucidate capitalisms contradictory laws of motion, as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates. He radically modified classical political economic theories. Notably, the labor theory of value that had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, was transformed into his characteristic law of value and used for the purpose of revealing how commodity fetishism obscures the reality of capitalist society. His approach, which Engels would call scientific socialism, would stand as the branching point in economic theory: in one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities wherein the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.. Das Kapital is one of the many famous incomplete works of economic theory: Marx had planned four volumes, completed two, and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third. In many ways the work is modelled on Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, seeking to be a comprehensive logical description of production, consumption and finance in relation to morality and the state. It is a work of philosophy, anthropology and sociology as much as one of economics. However, it has several important statements: * The Law of Value Capitalist production is the production of â€Å"an immense multitude of commodities† or generalised commodity production. A commodity has two essential qualities firstly, they are useful, they satisfy some human want, â€Å"the nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference,† and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged. Critically the exchange value of a commodity â€Å"is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities.† But rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it. All commodities are sold at their value, so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in cheating or theft but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power, or the workers wage, is less than the value created during their time at work, enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments. * Historical Property Relations Historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force, deprivation, and legal manipulation, creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage-labour. Moreover, capitalist property relations aggravated the artificial separation between city and country, which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic rift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment, which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas. * Commodity Fetishism Marx adapted previous value-theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system (markets, competition, supply and demand) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society. Commodity fetishism refers to this distortion of appearance. The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation. * Economic Exploitation Workers are the fundamental creative source of new value. Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists. * Accumulation Inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists. In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalists social power derives itself from being able to repeat the circuit of MoneyCommodityMoney, where the capitalist receives an increment or surplus value higher than their initial investment, as rapidly and efficiently as possible. Moreover this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale. * Crises Marx identified natural and historically specific (i.e. structural) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises. Different types of crises, such as realization crises and overproduction crises, are expressions of capitalisms inability to constructively overcome such barriers. Moreover, the upshot of crises is increased centralization, the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few. * Centralization The interacting forces of competition, endemic crises, intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production, and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus, all promote a strong developmental tendency towards the centralization of capital. * Material Development As a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour, typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques, capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work, suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and expanded scope for leisure. * Socialization, and the pre-conditions for Revolution By socializing the labour process, concentrating workers into urban settings in large-scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market, the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created. Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the same time developing the preconditions for its own negation. However, although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself, the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the apprehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary program Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings. Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility. Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production. Instead, it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. Once collectivization takes place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market. Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work which presents the economic vision ofanarcho-communism Anarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: from each according to ability, to each according to need. Unlike mutualism, collectivist anarchism and marxism, anarcho-communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether, instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need. Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunins death. By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the collectivist label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. After Marx Marxs work sharpened the existing differences between the revolutionary and non-revolutionary socialists. Non-revolutionary socialists took inspiration from the work of John Stuart Mill, and later Keynes and the Keynesians, who provided theoretical justification for (potentially very extensive) state involvement in an existing market economy. According to the Keynesians, if the business cycle could be solved by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment, class antagonism would be effectively tamed a compact would be formed between labour and the capitalists. There would be no need for revolution; instead Keynes looked to the eventual euthanasia of the rentier sometime in the far future. Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki employed Keynesian insights to form the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism. Many original socialist economic ideas would also emerge out of the trade union movement In the wake of Marx, Marxist economists developed many different, sometimes contradictory tendencies. Some of these tendencies were based on internal disputes about the meaning of some of Marxs ideas, including the Law of Value and his crisis theory. Other variations were elaborations that subsequent theorists made in light of real world developments. For example the monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to modify Marxs theory of capitalist development, which was based upon the assumption of price competition, to reflect the evolution to a stage where both economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations. World-systems analysis, would restate Marxs ideas about the worldwide division of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalisms historical development as a global system. Accordingly, Immanuel Wallerstein, writing in 1979, maintained that There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world-system. It is a world-economy and it is by definition capitalist in form. Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world-system, neither a redistributive world-empire nor a capitalist world-economy but a socialist world-government. I dont see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also dont feel its institution is imminent. It will be the outcome of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms, that will take place in all the areas of the world-economy. Meanwhile other notable strands of reformist and revolutionary socialist economics sprung up that were either only loosely associated with Marxism or wholly independent. Thorsten Veblen is widely credited as the founder of critical institutionalism. His idiosyncratic theorizing included acidic critiques of the inefficiency of capitalism, monopolies, advertising, and the utility of conspicuous consumption. Some institutionalists have addressed the incentive problems experienced by the Soviet Union. Critical institutionalists have worked on the specification of incentive-compatible institutions, usually based on forms of participatory democracy, as a resolution superior to allocation by an autonomous market mechanism. Another key socialist, closely related to Marx, Keynes, and Gramsci, was Piero Sraffa. He mined classical political economy, particularly Ricardo, in an attempt to erect a value theory that was at the same time an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy, as well that of income and economic growth. A key finding was that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists, which was in turn subject to the influence of non-economic, presumably social and political factors.